Necessity and practical significance A large amount of livestock manure will accumulate anywhere without composting. First of all, it will cause pollution of living environment and water body. At the same time, the development of double-high agricultural production in China is in need of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. When it comes to farmland, it will not cause reality and cause a variety of ills such as slowness of fertilizer, causing the spread and spread of pests and diseases; direct fermentation of raw manure into the soil will cause burning of seedlings, affecting the normal growth of crops and causing fruit trees to fall. The use of bio-fermentation technology to make compost is a scientific method for treating livestock manure. The potential in this area is huge. In addition to large-scale factory production of compost, it is very realistic to popularize soil-based composting technology in rural areas, which can promote the recycling of aquaculture waste, meet the high-quality and safe production of agricultural products, and improve the low-yield fields for bio-organic fertilizers. A lot of demand.
The key technologies of biological fermentation and composting are as follows:
First, the choice and mixing of compost materials. The use of cow dung and chicken manure as raw materials for composting has the common characteristics of high nutrient content and low carbon and nitrogen. For example, chicken manure contains 1.54% nitrogen and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 15:1; cow dung contains 0.34% nitrogen and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 21:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the microorganism: the bacteria is 25:1, and the carbon to nitrogen ratio of the fermented material is too high to make the fermentation slow and difficult, and the low temperature makes the fermentation fast and loses nutrients. Composting materials should not be used only with manure and fertilizer, and organic materials with a high carbon to nitrogen ratio must be added. For example, the mature carbonaceous crop straw has a carbon to nitrogen ratio of about 60 to 100:1. Appropriate addition of nitrogen fertilizer to adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio can accelerate decomposing and shorten the time of composting. The mixture of 500 kg of crushed dry straw or corn stover plus 250 kg of fresh cow dung and chicken manure can be rotted for about one month. Decomposed.
Second, the inoculation of beneficial microorganisms into the compost, especially some strains that have strong ability to decompose organic fertilizers, can promote the composting process. If not inoculated, the composting fermentation time will be prolonged, resulting in odor and low fertilizer efficiency. Inoculation can not only increase the number of microbes in the initial organic matter, accelerate the maturity of the compost material, but also increase the fermentation temperature. The high temperature can eliminate some pathogens, eggs and weed seeds, control the production of odor, and finally improve the efficiency of composting. At present, there are three types of inoculants widely used: microbial culture agents and commercial additives, which are mainly used for large-scale factory production; rural soil composting mainly uses the third type of effective natural materials, including old composted feces and horses. Manure, cow dung, vegetable garden soil, etc.
Third, proper moisture conditions. Moisture regulation directly affects the speed of composting fermentation and the degree of maturity, and is one of the key factors for aerobic composting. In order to maintain the activity of microorganisms, the water content should be as high as 90%, but the actual water content of organic materials is 60%-80%. Taking straw as an example, the water content is generally 75%-85%, and the water content of vegetables is over 90%. However, too much water content is also detrimental to fermentation and warming.
Fourth, ventilation conditions. High-level compost is fermented by aerobic microorganisms, requiring at least 50% of oxygen to penetrate into various parts of the compost to meet the needs of aerobic microorganisms to oxidize and decompose organic matter. After the medium-term composting temperature is raised, ventilation can be carried out together with the oxygen supply and the entrainment of water vapor. It achieves the purpose of cooling and drying in the stack. In the way of ventilation, natural ventilation can be used to supply oxygen, and a vent pipe can be inserted into the pile or used as a ventilating tower.
Fifth, composting needs to add lime as appropriate. Adding 2 to 1.5 kg of lime to 50 kg of straw can adjust the acidity and destroy the waxy layer on the surface of the straw, which is good for water absorption and fermentation. Soil can also be used to adjust acidity in the north.
(Senior Consultant of Sinofert, Professor of China Agricultural University Cao Yiping)
Farmers Daily
The key technologies of biological fermentation and composting are as follows:
First, the choice and mixing of compost materials. The use of cow dung and chicken manure as raw materials for composting has the common characteristics of high nutrient content and low carbon and nitrogen. For example, chicken manure contains 1.54% nitrogen and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 15:1; cow dung contains 0.34% nitrogen and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 21:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the microorganism: the bacteria is 25:1, and the carbon to nitrogen ratio of the fermented material is too high to make the fermentation slow and difficult, and the low temperature makes the fermentation fast and loses nutrients. Composting materials should not be used only with manure and fertilizer, and organic materials with a high carbon to nitrogen ratio must be added. For example, the mature carbonaceous crop straw has a carbon to nitrogen ratio of about 60 to 100:1. Appropriate addition of nitrogen fertilizer to adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio can accelerate decomposing and shorten the time of composting. The mixture of 500 kg of crushed dry straw or corn stover plus 250 kg of fresh cow dung and chicken manure can be rotted for about one month. Decomposed.
Second, the inoculation of beneficial microorganisms into the compost, especially some strains that have strong ability to decompose organic fertilizers, can promote the composting process. If not inoculated, the composting fermentation time will be prolonged, resulting in odor and low fertilizer efficiency. Inoculation can not only increase the number of microbes in the initial organic matter, accelerate the maturity of the compost material, but also increase the fermentation temperature. The high temperature can eliminate some pathogens, eggs and weed seeds, control the production of odor, and finally improve the efficiency of composting. At present, there are three types of inoculants widely used: microbial culture agents and commercial additives, which are mainly used for large-scale factory production; rural soil composting mainly uses the third type of effective natural materials, including old composted feces and horses. Manure, cow dung, vegetable garden soil, etc.
Third, proper moisture conditions. Moisture regulation directly affects the speed of composting fermentation and the degree of maturity, and is one of the key factors for aerobic composting. In order to maintain the activity of microorganisms, the water content should be as high as 90%, but the actual water content of organic materials is 60%-80%. Taking straw as an example, the water content is generally 75%-85%, and the water content of vegetables is over 90%. However, too much water content is also detrimental to fermentation and warming.
Fourth, ventilation conditions. High-level compost is fermented by aerobic microorganisms, requiring at least 50% of oxygen to penetrate into various parts of the compost to meet the needs of aerobic microorganisms to oxidize and decompose organic matter. After the medium-term composting temperature is raised, ventilation can be carried out together with the oxygen supply and the entrainment of water vapor. It achieves the purpose of cooling and drying in the stack. In the way of ventilation, natural ventilation can be used to supply oxygen, and a vent pipe can be inserted into the pile or used as a ventilating tower.
Fifth, composting needs to add lime as appropriate. Adding 2 to 1.5 kg of lime to 50 kg of straw can adjust the acidity and destroy the waxy layer on the surface of the straw, which is good for water absorption and fermentation. Soil can also be used to adjust acidity in the north.
(Senior Consultant of Sinofert, Professor of China Agricultural University Cao Yiping)
Farmers Daily
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